Children’s experience with harmful content online

Autor

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15633/sce.01301

Słowa kluczowe:

children, Internet, harmful online content, emotional problems, sensation seeking

Abstrakt

Children and young people’s use of the Internet inevitably involves the possibility of encountering what we collectively refer to as “harmful” or “toxic” content. In our research sample, approximately 40% of respondents reported such experiences. One prominent category of harmful content includes material promoting extreme thinness, including pro-anorexia and pro-bulimia websites. Among all respondents, 5% encountered such content daily, with a significant gender difference—9% of girls compared with 1% of boys. The likelihood of exposure also increased with age. Young Internet users experiencing emotional difficulties or a strong tendency to seek out novel and risky experiences reported more frequent exposure to harmful content. While an accepting family environment appears to be a possible protective factor, the low correlation suggests this influence is limited.

Bibliografia

Almenara, C. A., Macháčková, H., & Šmahel, D. (2016). Sociodemographic, attitudinal, and internet use factors associated with adolescents’ exposure to “ana-mia” websites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(8), 475–480.

Biswas, A., Smahel, D., Holubcikova, J., & Machackova, H. (2025). Exposure to online risks and psychological distress among adolescents: The moderating role of gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 155, 107–385.

Branley, D. B., & Covey, J. (2017). Risky behavior via social media: The role of reasoned and social reactive pathways. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 183–191.

Campaioli, G., Russo, S., & Riva, P. (2017). Online communities of (mal)practice: The use of pro-anorexia websites by individuals with eating disorders. Journal of Eating Disorders, 5(1), 34–45.

Helsper, E. J., & Šmahel, D. (2019). Excessive internet use by young Europeans: Psychological characteristics and social contexts. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 1255–1273.

Holdoš, J., Konečný, T., Izrael, P., & Smahel, D. (2022a). Children’s online activities and parental mediation in Slovakia. Slovak Journal of Education Research, 14(2), 33–48.

Holdoš, J., Konečný, T., Izrael, P., & Šmahel, D. (2022b). Harmful online content and risks among Slovak children: Findings from EU Kids Online. Media Education Studies, 21(3), 12–28.

Izrael, P., Holdoš, J., & Konečný, T. (2020). Slovak children and digital media: Trends and challenges. Communication and Education Review, 15(2), 87–99.

Juszczyk, S., Izrael, P., & Turos, M. (2017). Digital childhood: Media and education in Slovakia. Katowice University Press.

Keipi, T., Näsi, M., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2017). Online hate and harmful content: Cross-national perspectives. Routledge.

Khurana, A., Bleakley, A., Ellithorpe, M. E., Hennessy, M., & Jamieson, P. E. (2019). Media use and adolescents’ risk behaviors: Examining the roles of sensation seeking and parental monitoring. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4), 431–437.

Kvardova, N., Smahel, D., & Machackova, H. (2021). Emotional problems, sensation seeking, and exposure to harmful online content among adolescents. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 15(4), 2294–2310.

Laconi, S., Kaliszewska-Czeremska, K., & Gnisci, A. (2017). Problematic internet use and its associations with emotional distress and coping styles. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 47–54.

Lemish, D. (2015). Children and media: A global perspective. Wiley Blackwell.

Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the Internet: The perspective of European children. EU Kids Online, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Livingstone, S., & Stoilova, M. (2021). The 4Cs: Classifying online risk to children. Communications Research, 48(6), 1–23.

Mascheroni, G., & Cuman, A. (2014). Net Children Go Mobile: Final report. Educatt.

Moreno, M. A., & Cota, A. (2014). Social networking and adolescent development: A theoretical model. Adolescent Research Review, 1(3), 435–456.

Oksanen, A., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Näsi, M., & Räsänen, P. (2016). Exposure to online hate among young social media users: A multi-country perspective. Telematics and Informatics, 33(1), 193–201.

Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1–6.

Rideout, V., Vandewater, E. A., & Wartella, E. (1999). Zero to six: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Kaiser Family Foundation.

Ševčíková, A. (2016). Sexting and its psychological correlates: A cross-sectional study among adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(3), 156–162.

Šmahel, D. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 European countries. EU Kids Online, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Tercová, D., & Šmahel, D. (2025). Digital literacy as a double-edged sword: How online skills shape exposure to risks. Computers in Human Behavior, 156, 107482.

Turow, J. (1999). The Internet and the family: The view from parents, the view from kids. University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg Public Policy Center.

Wachs, S., Wright, M. F., & Sittichai, R. (2017). The associations between online hate and offline harm among adolescents across six countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 306–313.

Williams, A. L., & Merten, M. J. (2008). A review of online social networking profiles by adolescents: Implications for future research and intervention. Adolescence, 43(170), 253–274.

Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., & Korchmaros, J. D. (2011). National trends in exposure to and experiences of violence on the Internet among children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 128(6), e1376–e1386.

Opublikowane

2025-09-30

Numer

Dział

Articles