Stalinization, de-Stalinization, and re-Stalinization. 1953 behind the “Iron Curtain”
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15633/pch.3448Keywords:
Stalinism, newcourse, de-Stalinization, re-StalinizationAbstract
The aim of the article is to present the changesthattook place after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 in the Soviet Union and in somecountriesincluded in its “externalempire”. The “Iron Curtain”, which divided the worldintotwoparts, began to shiftafter the Generalissimo’sdeath and revealed differences in the approach of individualcountries to the „newcourse” announced by Stalin’ssuccessors.
In somecountries, the death of the Kremlindictatorbeganchanges in the policy of the time, in others the methodscharacteristic of Stalinismwerecontinued, whichmeant the activity of anall-powerfulapparatus of repressionseeking real and imagined “enemies”, the central authority of unlimitedpower with mass terror and striving for totalcontrol of citizens and allmanifestations of social life. The textpresents the most importantelements of the policy of the Communistparties in the Soviet Union, GDR, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Bulgaria in 1953 whichwereconsistent with the process of re-Stalinization, characterized by similarity to governmentsduring the dictator’s life and de-Stalinization, thatis, the reversals of methods and toolsknown in the Stalinism period.
References
ApplebaumA., Gułag, translated by Jakub Urbański, Warsaw 2018, Wydawnictwo Agora.
Applebaum A., Za żelazną kurtyną. Ujarzmienie Europy Wschodniej 1944–1956,translated by Barbara Gadomska, Warszawa 2018, Wydawnictwo Agora.
Bazylow L., Wieczorkiewicz Paweł, Historia Rosji, Wrocław 2010, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.
Besier G., Stokłosa Katarzyna, Europa dyktatur, translated by Joanna Hashold, Warszawa 2009, PWN.
Czarna księga komunizmu. Zbrodnie, terror, prześladowania, ed.S. Courtois et al., Warszawa 1999, Prószyński i S-ka.
Czekiści. organy bezpieczeństwa w europejskich krajach bloku sowieckiego 1944–1989, ed.K. Persak, Ł. Kamiński, Warszawa 2010, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.
Holzer J., Europa zimnej wojny, Kraków 2012, Wydawnictwo Znak.
Jelavich B., Historia Bałkanów, t. II: wiek XX, translated by Marek Chojnacki, Justyn Hunia, Kraków 2005, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Malenkow G.M., Przemówienie na V Sesji Rady Najwyższej ZSRR 8 sierpnia 1953 r., Warszawa 1953, Książka i Wiedza.
Najnowsza historia świata, t. I: 1945–1963, ed. A. Patek, J. Rydel, J.J. Węc, Kraków 1997.
Pichoja R., Historia władzy w Związku Radzieckim 1945–1991, translated by Michał Głuszkowski, Piotr Zemszał, Warszawa 2011, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Represje wobec duchowieństwa Kościołów chrześcijańskich w okresie stalinowskim w krajach byłego bloku wschodniego, ed.J. Myszor, A. Dziurok, Katowice 2004, Wydział Teologiczny Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.
RomsicsI., Historia Węgier, translated by Agnieszka Barszczewska, Szymon Brzeziński, Maciej Sagata, Poznań 2018, Media Rodzina.
Service R., Towarzysze. Komunizm od początku do upadku. Historia zbrodniczej ideologii, translated by Hanna Szczerkowska, Kraków 2008, Wydawnictwo Znak.
Tarasiński J., Komuniści wobec Kościołów w Niemieckiej Republice Demokratycznej w latach 1949–1978, Toruń 2013, The European Education Centre.
Vladimir T., Stalinizm na każdą okazję. Polityczna historia rumuńskiego komunizmu, translated by Piotr Nowakowski, Kraków 2010, Universitas.
ThomF., Beria. Oprawca bez skazy, translated by Krystyna Antkowiak, Warszawa 2016, Prószyński i S-ka.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Rafał Opulski
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The author declares that he or she has full copyright to the work, and such copyright it is not limited to the extent applicable to this declaration, that the article is an original work and that it does not infringe any third-party rights.
The author agrees to a free-of-charge, non-exclusive and non-restricted use of the work by Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow i.e.:
- to record and duplicate: make copies of the work by means of printing, reprography, magnetic or digital storage;
- to circulate the original or the copies of the work (disseminate, lend or lease the original or copies thereof, publicly display, screen or make the work publicly available so that everyone is able to access it at the time and in place they wish to do so);
- to include the work in a compilation;
- the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow may grant sublicenses Creative Commons Acknowledgement of authorship-Non-commercial use-Without derivative work 3.0 Poland
The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow makes the work available on the Journals Platform belonging to the University, according to the licence Creative Commons Acknowledgement of authorship-Non-commercial use-Without derivative work 3.0 Poland. Accordingly, the author authorises all interested parties to use the work on the following conditions:
- the author and the title of the work will be listed,
- the place of publication (name of the periodical and an Internet link to the originally published work),
- the work will be distributed in a non-commercial way,
- no derivative works will be created.
The UPJPII Press does not waive any of its copyrights to any target group.