Antyczne prywatne uroczystości kommemoratywne a święta ku czci męczenników w okresie wczesnobizantyńskim

Autor

  • Ireneusz Milewski Instytut Historii, Uniwersytet Gdański

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15633/tes.01204

Słowa kluczowe:

starożytne chrześcijaństwo, kult męczenników, obyczaje pogańskie, życie codzienne

Abstrakt

The aim of the article is to point out the similarities between the ancient cult of the dead and the feasts of the Christian martyrs in Late Antiquity. The Author discusses a few source relations on one element of the ceremony, that is, a commemorative banquet, which was an essential element of the ancient cult of the dead. We read about the same habit in relations referring to the feasts of martyrs. They show that on the eve of their feasts, some Christians gathered at the chapel of the martyr, arranging and joining the banquet in the belief that the martyr also participated in it. Of course, the custom did not stem from the need to satisfy hunger. It was the religious act of pagan provenance derived from the conviction that the deceased in the afterlife was plagued by hunger and thirst.

Bibliografia

Acta Synodalia ann. 50–381, t. 1, tłum. S. Kalinkowski, oprac. A. Baron, H. Pietras, Kraków 2006.

Acta Synodalia ann. 381–431, t. 4, tłum. S. Kalinkowski, oprac. A. Baron, H. Pietras, Kraków 2010.

Ambrosius, De Elia et ieiunio [w:] Patrologia Latina, t. 14, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1841–1864, s. 697–728.

Augustinus, Contra Faustum Manichaeum [w:] Patrologia Latina, t. 42, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1841–1864, s. 207–518.

Augustinus, Sermones [w:] Patrologia Latina, t. 38, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1841–1864, s. 23–992.

Basilius Magnus, Epistolae [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 32, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 219–1113.

Basius Magnus, In Barlaam martyrem [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 31, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 483–489.

Basilius Magnus, In ebriosos 1 [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 31, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 444–464 (tekst w języku polskim w: Bazyli Wielki, Wybór homilij i kazań, tłum. T. Sinko, Kraków, s. 143–154).

Basilius Magnus, In Gordium martyrem [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 31, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 489–508.

Basilius Magnus, In Mamantem martyrem [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 31, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 589–600.

Basilius Magnus, In sanctos quadraginta martyres homilia [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 31, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 508–525.

Gregorius Nazianzenus, Epigrammata [w:] The Greek Anthology, trans. W.R. Paton, Cambridge 1953.

Gregorius Nazianzenus, Orationes [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 35, 36, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 396–1252, s. 9–623.

Gregorius Nyssenus, De sancto Theodoro martyre [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 46, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 736–748. Gregorius Nyssenus, Oratio prima in laudem ss. quadraginta martyrum [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 46, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 749–756.

Gregorius Nyssenus, Oratio secunda in laudem ss. quadraginta martyrum [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 46, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 757–772.

Joannes Chrysostomus, De sancto Babyla, contar Julianum et Gentiles [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 50, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 533–570.

Joannes Chrysostomus, Homilia in ascensionem Domini Nostri Jesu Christi [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 50, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 441–450.

Joannes Chrysostomus, Homilia secunda in sanctos Maccabaeos [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 49, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 623–626.

Joannes Chrysostomus, De sanctis martyribus sermo [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 49, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 647–654.

Joannes Chrysostomus, In Lucianum martyrem [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 49, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 519–526.

Joannes Chrysostomus, In Martyres [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 50, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 661–666.

Paulinus Nolanus, Poemata [w:] Patrologia Latina, t. 61, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1841–1864, s. 556–742. Theodoretus Cyrensis, Graecarum affectione curratio [w:] Patrologia Graeca, t. 83, J.B. Migne (éd.), Paris 1857–1866, s. 437–1152 (tekst w języku polskim w: Teodoret z Cyru, Leczenie chorób hellenizmu, tłum. S. Kalinkowski, Warszawa 1981, s. 16–271).

Alexandre M., Les nouveaux martyrs. Motifs martyrologiques dans la vie des saints et thèmes hagiographiques dans l’ Éloge des martyrs chez Grégoire de Nysse [w:] The Bibliographical Works of Gregory of Nyssa. Proceedings of the Fifth International Colloquium on Greory of Nyssa, A. Spira (ed.), Cambridge 1984, s. 33–70.

Begon P.M., The Cappadocian Fathers, Women and Ecclesiastical Politics, „Vigiliae Christianae” 1995, 49, s. 165–179.

Bernardi J., La prédication des Pères Cappadociens. Le prédicateur et son auditoire, Montpellier 1968.

Bitton-Ashkelony B., Encountering the Sacred: The Debate on Christian Pilgrimage in Late Antiquity, Berkeley 2005.

Borg B., The Dead as a Guest at Table? Continuity and Change in the Egyptian Cult of the Dead [w:] Portraits and Masks: Burials Customs in Roman Egypt, L.M. Bierbrier (ed.), London 1997, s. 26–32.

Bremmer J.N., The Early Greek Concept of the Soul, Princeton 1983.

Brown P., Autorität und Heiligkeit. Aspekte der Christianisierung des Römischen Reiches, Stuttgart 1998. Brown P., Enjoying the Saints in Late Antiquity, „Early Medieval Europe” 2000, 9, s. 1–24.

Courcelle P., L’âme au tombeau [w:] Mélanges d’histoire des religions offerts à Henri-Charles Puech, Paris 1974, s. 331–336.

Cumont F., Lux perpetua, Paris 1949.

Davies J., Death, Burial, and Rebirth in the Religions of Antiquity, London 1999.

Delehaye H., Les légendes hagiographiques, Bruxelles 1927.

Dentzer J.-M., Le motif du banquet couché dans le Proche-Orient et le monde grec du VIIe au IVe siècle avant J.-C., Rome 1982.

Dolansky F., Honouring the Family Dead on the Parentalia: Ceremony, Spectacle, and Memory, „ Phoenix” 2011, 65, s. 125–157.

Driver L.M., The Cult of the Martyrs in Asterius of Amaseia’s Vision of the Christian City, „Church History” 2005, 74, s. 236–254.

Dunbabin K.M.D., The Roman Banquet. Images of Conviviality, Cambridge 2003.

Fabricius J., Die hellenistischen Totenmahlreliefs, München 1999.

Felton D., Dead [w:] A Companion to Greek Religion, D. Ogden (ed.), Oxford 2007, s. 86–99.

Gee R., From Corpse to Ancestor. The Role of Tombside Dining in the Transformation of the Body in Ancient Rome [w:] The Materiality of Death: Bodies, Burials, Beliefs, F. Fahlander, T. Oestigaard (eds.), Oxford 2008, s. 59–68.

Girardi M., Basilio di Cesarea e il culto dei martyri nel IV secolo. Scrittura e tradizione, Bari 1990.

Gonzalez E., The Fate of the Dead in Early Third Century North African Christianity, Tübingen 2014.

Green B., Christianity in Ancient Rome. The First Three Centuries, New York 2010. Grig L., Making Martyrs in Late Antiquity, London 2004.

Hamann A., Życie codzienne w Afryce Północnej w czasach św. Augustyna, tłum. M. Stafiej-Wróblewska, E. Sieradzińska, Warszawa 1989.

Harl K., From Pagan to Christian in Cities of Roman Anatolia during the Fourth and Fifth Centuries [w:] Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity, Th.S. Burns, J.W. Eadie (eds.), East Lansing 2001, s. 301–322.

Hermann A., Durst [w:] Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, Bd. 4, D. Klauser (Hg.), Stuttgart 1959, s. 389–415.

Jensen R., Dinig with the Dead. From the Mensa to the Altar in Christian Late Antiquity [w:] Commemorating the Dead. Texts and Artifacts in Context. Studies of Roman, Jewish, and Christian Burials, L. Brink, D. Green (eds.), Berlin 2008, s. 107–143.

Lindsay H., Eating with Dead: The Roman Funerary Banquet [w:] Meals in a Social Context. Aspects of the Communal Meal in the Hellenistic and Roman World, I. Nielsen, H.S. Nielsen (eds.), Arhus 1998, s. 67–79.

Maraval P., Les premiers développements du culte des XL Martyrs de Sébastée dans l’Orient byzantin et en Occident, „Vetera Christianorum” 1999, 36, s. 193–211.

McLynn N., The Transformation of Imperial Churchgoing in the Fourth Century [w:] Approaching Late Antiquity. The Tranformation from Early to Late Empire, S. Swain, M. Edwards (eds.), Oxford 2004, s. 235–270.

Milewski I., Kościelne i cesarskie ustawodawstwo w walce z dawną obyczajowością w życiu codziennym chrześcijan IV i V wieku [w:] Crimina et mores. Prawo karne i obyczaje w starożytnym Rzymie, M. Kuryłowicz (red.), Lublin 2001, s. 101–112.

Milewski I., Pogańskie zwyczaje kommemoratywne praktykowane przez chrześcijan w świetle późnoantycznych kościelnych tekstów normatywnych, „Przegląd Religioznawczy” 2014, nr 4 (254), s. 149–162.

Morris I., Death-Ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge 1992.

Papaconstantinou A., The Cult of Saints: A Haven of Continuity in a Changing World? [w:] Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300–700, R.S. Bagnall (ed.), Cambridge 2007, s. 350–367.

Pilhofer P., Katalog der Inschriften von Philippi, Bd. 2, Tübingen 2009.

Pudliszewski J., Prywatne uroczystości nagrobne w świetle epitafiów łacińskich w okresie wczesnego cesarstwa rzymskiego, Gdańsk 1997.

Quasten J., Musik und Gesang im christlichen Altertum, Münster 1930.

Rohde E., Psyche. Seelenkult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen, Tübingen 1925.

Rousseau P., Basil of Caesarea, Berkeley 1994.

Rüpke J., Religion der Römer. Eine Einführung, München 2006.

Samellas A., Death in the Eastern Mediterranean (50–600 A.D.). The Christianization of the East: An Interpretation, Tübingen 2002.

Stewart A.C., Milch [w:] Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, Bd. 24, G. Schöllgen (Hg.), Stuttgart 2012, s. 784–803.

Thönges-Stringaris R.N., Das Griechische Totenmahl, „Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung” 1965, 80, s. 1–99.

Turcan R., The Gods of Ancient Rome. Religion in Everyday Life from Archaic to Imperial Times, New York 2000.

Van Dam R., Becoming Christian. The Conversion of Roman Cappadocia, Philadelphia 2003.

Walter Ch., The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition, Aldershot 2003. Wilamowitz-Möllendorf U., Die Glaube der Hellenen, Bd. 1, Berlin 1937.

Wipszycka E., Kościół w świecie późnego antyku, Warszawa 1994.

Wissowa G., Religion und Kultus der Römer, München 1912.

Pobrania

Opublikowane

2017-05-08

Numer

Dział

Artykuły