Rules of national and international law prohibiting all forms of discrimination based on religion or religious belief
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15633/acan.1819Słowa kluczowe:
fundamental human rights, freedom of religion, international instruments, international law, religion, human dignityAbstrakt
Over the centuries, mankind has seen many manifestations of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or religious belief, and, for this reason, the legislator of those times had to provide legal rules expressly prohibiting and eliminating them, while setting out concrete measures of legal protection against those who violated actually one of the main fundamental human rights, i.e. the right to freedom of religion or religious belief, and, ipso facto, the right to respect for human dignity.The ignorance of this fundamental human right also led to the flagrant violation of one of the main principles of international law, namely the principle of tolerance and equality of all human beings. Therefore, in our study, we examined both the text of international instruments, with the legal force of “jus cogens,” and the national legislation, in order to reveal how the manifestations of the discrimination based on religion or religious beliefs were banned and removed from the human society, at national and international level.
Bibliografia
American Convention on Human Rights (available from: http://www.cidh.org/basicos/english/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm).
Andreescu M., Principii şi valori constituţionale (Constitutional Principles and Values), Bucharest 2016.
Ardelean C., Discriminarea religioasă rămâne la ordinea de zi în practica angajatorilor la locul de muncă. Un nou caz a fost făcut public în Exter (Religious discrimination is on the agenda in the practice of employers, at the workplace. A new case was made public in Exter), Marea Britanie (UK) (available from: http://www.radiomaria.ro/news_129_ro.php).
Bîrsan C., Convenția europeană a drepturilor omului. Comentariu pe articole (European Convention of Human Rights. Comments on articles), vol. 1, Bucharest 2005.
Decision of 19.05.2014 in case no. 064/14 issued for Mrs. Angela Frolov’s complaint concerning discrimination on grounds of religious belief and sexual orientation (available from: http://egalitate.md/media/files/files/decizie_cauza_064_14_6276731.pdf).
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (available from: http://altera.adatbank.transindex.ro/pdf/4/009Declaratia%20cu%20privire%20la%20eliminarea.pdf).
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992) (available from: http://www.sogorcsaba.eu/docs/Declaratia%20privind%20drepturile%20persoanelor%20care%20fac%20 parte%20din%20minoritati%20nationale%20sau%20etnice_ro.doc).
Dură N. V., About the “Religious” Politics of Some Member States of the European Union, “Dionysiana”, 3 (2009) no. 1, p. 463–489.
Dură N. V., Despre “jus naturale”. Contribuţii filosofico-juridice (About Jus naturale. Philosophical and Legal Contributions), “Revista de Teologie Sfântul Apostol Andrei (St. Andrew Journal of Theology)” 18 (2014) no. 1, p. 39–52.
Dură N. V., Drepturile şi libertăţile omului în gândirea juridică europeană. De la “Justiniani Institutiones” la “Tratatul instituind o Constituţie pentru Europa”/ The human rights and freedoms in the juridical European thinking. From the “Justinian Institutiones” to the “Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe”, „Analele Universităţii Ovidius. Seria: Drept şi Ştiinţe Administrative” 2006 no. 1, p. 129–151.
Dură N. V., Edictul de la Milan (313) şi impactul lui asupra relaţiilor dintre Stat şi Biserică. Câteva consideraţii istorice, juridice şi ecleziologice (The Edict from Milan (313) and Its Impact on the Relationships between State and Church. Some Historical, Legal and Ecclesiological Considerations), “Mitropolia Olteniei (The Metropolitan Church of Oltenia)” 2012 no. 5–8, p. 28–43.
Dură N. V., Les droits fondamentaux de l’homme et leur protection juridique, “Analele Universităţii Dunărea de Jos Galaţi”, Fascicula 22: Drept şi Administraţie Publică, 2008 no. 2, p. 19–23.
Dură N. V., The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, [in:] 10th Edition of International Conference “The European Integration – Realities and Perspectives” Proceedings, Galati 2015, p. 235–242.
Dură N. V., Valorile religios-creştine şi “moştenirea culturală, religioasă şi umanistă a Europei”. “Laicitate” şi “libertate religioasă” (The Religious-Christian Values and the Cultural, Religious and Humanist Heritage of Europe. Secularism and Religious Freedom), [in:] Simpozionul “Modernitate, postmodernitate şi religie” (Symposium on Modernity, Post-modernity and Religion), Iaşi 2005, p. 19–35.
N. V. Dură, Proselytism and the Right to Change Religion: The Romanian Debate, [in:] Law and Religion in the 21st Century. Relations between States and Religious Communities, ed. S. Ferrari, R. Cristofori, Farnham, Surrey, England, 2010, p. 279–290.
Dură N. V., Mititelu C., Human rights and their universality. From the rights of the “individual” and of the “citizen” to “human” rights, [in:] International Conference “Exploration, Education and Progress in the third Millennium”, vol. 1, no. 4, Galaţi 2012, p. 103–127.
Dură N. V., Mititelu C., International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, [in:] 8th Edition of International Conference “The European Integration – Realities and Perspectives” Proceedings, Galati 2013, p. 130–136.
Dură N. V., Mititelu C., The Freedom of Religion and the Right to Religious Freedom, [in:] SGEM Conference on Political Sciences, Law, Finance, Economics & Tourism, Procedings, vol. 1, 2014, Bulgaria, p. 831–838.
Dură N. V., Mititelu C., The human fundamental rights and liberties in the Text of some Declarations of the Council of Europe, [in:] International Conference “Exploration, Education and Progress in the Third Millennium”, vol. 1, no. 5, Bucharest 2015, p. 7–22.
Dură N. V., Mititelu C., The right to Freedom of Religion in the Jurisprudence of the European Court, “Journal of Danubius Studies and Research” 4 (2014) no. 1, p. 141–152.
Dură N. V., Mititelu C., The State and the Church in IV–VI Centuries. The Roman Emperor and the Christian Religion, [in:] SGEM Conference on Political Sciences, Law, Finance, Economics & Tourism, Procedings, vol. 1, Bulgaria, 2014, p. 923–930.
Dură N. V., Mititelu C., The Treaty of Nice, European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights, [in:] 8th Edition of International Conference “The European Integration – Realities and Perspectives” Proceedings, Galaţi 2013, p. 123–129.
Mititelu C., The European Convention on Human Rights, [in:] 10th Edition of International Conference “The European Integration – Realities and Perspectives” Proceedings, Galaţi 2015, p. 243–252.
Mititelu C., The Human Rights and the Social Protection of Vulnerable Individuals, “Journal of Danubius Studies and Research” 2 (2012) no. 1, p. 70–77.
Mititelu C., The Right to Religious Education. The Romanian Legislation and Religious Education, [in:] Educaţia religioasă în context european (Religious education in the European context), Bucharest 2014, p. 180–188.
Mititelu C., Mitra Radu M., International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, “Journal of Danubius Studies and Research” 3 (2013) no. 2, p. 47–57.
Muraru I., Comentariu la Articolul 16 din Constituția României (Comments on Article 16 from the Constitution of Romania), [in:] Constituția României. Comentariu pe articole (The Constitution of Romania. Comments on articles), Bucharest 2008.
Pahlavi M. R., The white Revolution of Iran, Teheran 1967.
Prevention and fight against all forms of discrimination (available from: https://andreivocila.wordpress.com/2011/01/21/prevenirea-si-combaterea-tuturor-formelor-de-discriminare/).
Selejan-Guțan B., Comentariu la Articolul 6 din Constituția României (Comments on Article 6 from the Constitution of Romania), [in:] Constituția României. Comentariu pe articole (The Constitution of Romania, Comments on Articles), Bucharest 2008.
Tănăsescu El. S., Comentariu la Articolul 4 din Constituția României (Comments on Article 4 from the Constitution of Romania), [in:] Constituția României. Comentariu pe articole (The Constitution of Romania. Comments on articles), Bucharest 2008.
The Declaration from Vienna. Annex II, [in:] Manualul Consiliului Europei (EC Manual), Bucharest 2006, p. 588–589.
The UNESCO Convention on the fight against discrimination in education (available from: http://www.irdo.ro/file.php?fisiere_id=87&inline=).
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Twórca oświadcza, że przysługują mu prawa autorskie do utworu i że nie są ograniczone w zakresie objętym niniejszym oświadczeniem oraz że utwór jest dziełem oryginalnym i nie narusza praw autorskich innych osób.
Twórca zezwala Uniwersytetowi Papieskiemu Jana Pawła II w Krakowie na nieodpłatne, niewyłączne i nieograniczone w czasie korzystanie z utworu, to jest:
- utrwalanie i zwielokrotnianie: wytwarzanie egzemplarzy utworu techniką drukarską, reprograficzną, zapisu magnetycznego oraz techniką cyfrową;
- obrót oryginałem albo egzemplarzami, na których utwór utrwalono (wprowadzanie do obrotu, użyczenie lub najem oryginału albo egzemplarzy, publiczne wystawienie, wyświetlenie, a także publiczne udostępnianie utworu w taki sposób, aby każdy mógł mieć do niego dostęp w miejscu i w czasie przez siebie wybranym);
- włączenie utworu w skład utworu zbiorowego;
- udzielanie przez Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie sublicencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0).
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie udostępnia utwór na Platformie Czasopism należącej do uczelni, na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY 4.0). Tym samym uprawnia wszystkich zainteresowanych do korzystania z utworu pod następującymi warunkami:
- zostanie podany autor i tytuł utworu,
- zostanie podane miejsce publikacji (tytuł czasopisma i adres internetowy do oryginalnie opublikowanego utworu).
